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An Essay on the Principle of Population - Wikipedia
World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. However, the half essay on following orders in the army that now separates us from that conflict has exacted its toll on our collective knowledge. While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose.
Highly relevant today, World War II has much to teach us, not only about the profession of arms, but also about military preparedness, global strategy, and combined operations in the coalition war against fascism. During the next several years, the U. Army will participate in the nation's 50th anniversary commemoration of World War II. The commemoration will include the publication of various materials to help educate Americans about that war.
The works produced will provide great opportunities to learn about and renew pride in an Army that fought so magnificently in what has been called "the mighty endeavor. The following essay is one of a series of campaign studies highlighting those struggles that, with their accompanying suggestions for further reading, are designed to introduce you to one of the Army's significant military feats from that war.
This brochure was prepared in the U. Army Center of Military History by Ted Ballard. I hope this absorbing account of that period will enhance your appreciation of American achievements during World War II. GORDON R. SULLIVAN General, United States Army Chief of Staff Rhineland 15 September March In Septemberthe long-awaited final victory over Nazi Germany seemed close at hand for the Allies.
In the East, the Red Army moved inexorably towards the German frontier. In the skies over the Third Reich and the occupied countries, Allied air power wreaked havoc on the Wehrmacht, German industry, and lines of communication. In the West, three Allied army groups stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland-poised for the final assault against the Nazi homeland. The mood in General Dwight D. Eisenhower's Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force SHAEFwas almost euphoric.
General Eisenhower's intelligence officer predicted that victory in Europe was "within sight, almost within reach. Others, however, believed that the Germans remained unbeaten. Oscar W. Koch, the Third Army intelligence officer, was convinced that the German Army, far from being routed, was playing for time and preparing for a "last-ditch struggle in the field at all costs. Instead of a quick dash into the heart of Germany, what awaited General Eisenhower's armies was an exhausting campaign in horrid weather against a foe whose determination was steeled essay on following orders in the army the belief that he was fighting for the very survival of his homeland.
As SHAEF plotted its essay on following orders in the army moves,workers frantically labored to strengthen the German West Wall defenses, and the Wehrmacht prepared to contest the Allied advance in places like Arnhem, Aachen, the Huertgen Forest, Metz, and the foothills of the Vosges Mountains.
The Rhineland Campaign was about to begin. Strategic Setting The Allied armies confronting the Germans in mid-September had arrived on the European continent through two great invasions-Operation OVERLORD and Operation DRAGOON. OVERLORD assaulted the Normandy coast of France between the towns of Caen and Ste. DRAGOON occurred after a essay on following orders in the army with Winston Churchill, the British prime minister, and the British Chiefs [3] of Staff who had steadfastly opposed an invasion of southern France.
To the end, Churchill saw the Italian theater as the key to unlocking the door to the Balkans and Central Europe-the "soft-underbelly" of Nazi Germany-while the Americans, to include Eisenhower, President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, and the U. Joint Chiefs of Staff saw northern Italy only as a cul-de-sac. Scheduled for 15 August and promising to draw at least some German forces from northern France and seize the great French port of Marseille, the mounting of DRAGOON remained uncertain until the last moment.
After final approval came on 11 August, U. forces landed east of Toulon, essay on following orders in the army. Several days later, French units arrived. Both operated under the essay on following orders in the army of Lt. Alexander M. Patch's Seventh U. The success of the operation was phenomenal. Within two weeks the Allies had captured 57, prisoners and opened the major ports of Toulon and Marseille at a cost of less than 7, casualties.
As the DRAGOON forces dashed north up the Rhone River Valley toward Lyon, the Allies in Normandy raced eastward. On 1 September, SHAEF headquarters became operational on the Continent, with Eisenhower taking direct command of the Allied ground forces there. Montgomery's 21 Army Group overran the V-1 rocket sites that had been bombarding England and then pushed into the Netherlands, while Patton's Third Army and Hodges' First Army, both part of the newly formed 12th Army Group under Lt.
Omar N. Bradley, kept pace. Patton's forces sped through the Argentan-Laval-Chartres area, and Hodges' army trapped a large enemy force in the Mons pocket before driving rapidly into Belgium. By mid-September, Eisenhower's forces had reached the German frontier and occupied a line running from the Netherlands south along the German border to Trier and on to Metz. Patch's Seventh Army advanced nearly miles up the Rhone River Valley in less than a month and linked up with the Third Army on 11 September, creating a solid wall of Allied forces stretching from Antwerp to the Swiss border.
Four days later DRAGOON forces-heretofore under the control of British General Henry M. Wilson, the Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater-were reorganized into the 6th Army Group, under the command of Lt.
Jacob L. This, thereby, increased Eisenhower's force to three army groups. In the north, Montgomery's 21 Army Group directed Lt. Henry D. Crerar's Canadian First Army and General Miles C. Dempsey's Second British Army. General Bradley's 12th Army Group occupied the center and controlled the newly operational Ninth Army under Lt.
William H, essay on following orders in the army. Simpson, Hodges' First Army, and Patton's 6 Third Army. In the south lay Devers' 6th Army Group, made up of Patch's Seventh Army and the General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's First French Army. As Eisenhower had intended, the Allies faced the Germans along a broad front with a secure rear area for the vast logistical organization necessary for the final push into Germany.
For future operations, Eisenhower retained plans developed before OVERLORD. He resolved to make his main effort against the Nazi's vital Ruhr industrial region, with a secondary attack to the south of the Ardennes toward the Saar. He believed that this broad-front strategy would deny the enemy the opportunity to concentrate against a single axis of advance, while simultaneously affording opportunities to maneuver and shift the main weight of the Allied attack.
This plan had its detractors, most notably Montgomery, although Bradley and Patton had their reservations as well. Montgomery argued for "one really powerful and full-blooded thrust toward Berlin," by his army group, as a quick, sure way to end the war. To support his coup de grace, the British commander wanted Eisenhower to halt operations in the south and concentrate all available resources in the 21 Army Group.
Bradley and Patton, equally anxious to make the main Allied effort, wanted to rush three corps across the Rhine near Wiesbaden, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe to force a rapid conclusion to the conflict. Eisenhower, in personal command of the forces on the European continent since 1 September, remained unconvinced that victory would be so simple. Worried that Germany still had substantial reserves, he believed that a single "pencil like thrust" into the German heartland would certainly be destroyed; instead, Eisenhower favored stretching the enemy everywhere.
Enemy resistance, he pointed out, had clearly stiffened as the Allies approached the German frontier, and Allied logistical difficulties had become steadily more critical. Although the Germans had taken nearly a million casualties on all fronts during the Allies' summer offensives, essay on following orders in the army, the Third Reich still had millions of men in uniform. The Wehrmacht hastily organized nearlyof these soldiers into "fortress battalions" to defend the West Wall, a defensive barrier commonly called the Siegfried Line by the Allies, which extended from the Netherlands to Switzerland.
Although Nazi propagandists touted the invincibility of these defenses to the German people, their construction had languished following the fall of France in Only with the setbacks in the West in the summer of had the Germans again begun work on the line. Still, if not impenetrable, the Siegfried Line was formidable.
It consisted of hundreds of pillboxes with interlocking fields of fire, supported by an extensive system of command posts, essay on following orders in the army, observation posts, and troop shelters. Furthermore, the Germans had carefully integrated their man-made obstacles, such as "dragon's teeth," with the terrain. In early September, Hitler placed the venerable Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in command of the German armies in the West and charged him with the defense of the West Wall.
Hitler planned to stop the Allies at the Siegfried Line long enough for the Wehrmacht to regroup and mount a major counteroffensive. Increasing enemy resistance was not Eisenhower's only problem.
Maintenance and support of his vast forces also gravely concerned him. The rapid advance had taken its toll on both men and materiel, while the absence of a major port in the north created severe short- 8 ages, particularly in fuel. Indeed, the drive toward Germany was clearly stalling for want of adequate logistical support. Most of the supplies and reinforcements for Eisenhower's forces were still coming ashore across the invasion beaches, a precarious situation given the vulnerability of these unsheltered facilities to bad weather in the English Channel.
Although the excellent port of Antwerp had been captured virtually intact on 4 September, essay on following orders in the army, it remained unusable because the Germans still controlled the Schelde estuary, the sixty-mile-long waterway that linked Antwerp with the sea, and thus blocked access to the harbor. The Mediterranean French ports had also fallen into Allied hands, but would take time to rehabilitate, as would the entire French rail and road system.
With fuel and ammunition running critically short, Allied offensive power was limited. increasingly, Eisenhower realized that the war in Europe simply could not be won in In a 14 Essay on following orders in the army letter to General George C. Marshall, U.
Army Chief of Staff, Eisenhower noted that although the unexpectedly rapid advances in northern France had caused him to opt for one all-out advance to the German border and possibly the Rhine River before pausing to regroup, he remained convinced that a "rush right on to Berlin" was impossible and "wishful thinking.
Eisenhower directed that Montgomery, recently promoted to field marshal, take his 21 Army Group, along with part of the U. He charged the 12th Army Group with capturing Brest in western France and executing a limited attack to divert German forces southward essay on following orders in the army Montgomery had established his bridgehead over the Rhine. After the northern bridgehead was secured, the Third Army would advance through the Saar and establish its own crossing sites.
Eisenhower also tasked Montgomery to clear the approaches to Antwerp, thereby opening that vital port for Allied use. After securing the bridgeheads across the Rhine, the Allies would seize the Ruhr and concentrate forces for the final drive into Germany. The Combined Chiefs of Staff approved Eisenhower's plan.
My Top 5 Lessons from the Army Pre Command Course
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Step 2: Check Your RCC Message Center, To-Do List and Student Email Often – The Office of Financial Aid and Veteran Services sends financial aid notifications to the students via their SIS Message Center, To-Do List, and/or school/personal blogger.com is the students’ responsibility to check these regularly and respond promptly if action is required on your part in order for us to process The book An Essay on the Principle of Population was first published anonymously in , but the author was soon identified as Thomas Robert blogger.com book warned of future difficulties, on an interpretation of the population increasing in geometric progression (so as to double every 25 years) while food production increased in an arithmetic progression, which would leave a difference May 22, · ‘Stay in Place’ — a DC Guardsman Reflects on Military Orders to ‘Do Nothing’ During the Capitol Siege By T.L.K. Editor’s note: T.L.K. is a pseudonym for a national guardsman whose identity is being withheld to protect the soldier from retaliation
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