Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 6th Edition Distributed Database Recovery Failures in a Distributed Environment Real-Time Data Warehouse Data Warehouse Architecture The good news is that course help online is here to take care of all this needs to ensure all your assignments are completed on time and you have time for other important activities. We also understand you have a number of subjects to learn and this might make it hard for you to Jul 09, · I chose to write a specification and correctness proof of a Byzantine general's algorithm--a distributed, real-time algorithm. (Nonfaulty components must satisfy real-time constraints, and the correctness of the algorithm depends on these constraints.) I began the exercise on a Wednesday morning. By noon that Friday, I had the final typeset output
SWAT Literature Database for Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Health care is changing with a new emphasis on patient-centeredness. Fundamental to this transformation is the increasing recognition of patients' role in health care delivery and design. Medical appointment scheduling, distributed real time database systems background and literature review, as the starting point of most non-urgent health care services, is undergoing major developments to support active involvement of patients.
By using the Internet as a medium, patients are given more freedom in decision making about their preferences for the appointments and have improved access. The purpose of this study was to identify the benefits and barriers to implement Web-based medical scheduling discussed in the literature as well as the unmet needs under the current health care environment. In FebruaryMEDLINE was searched through PubMed to identify articles relating to the impacts of Web-based appointment scheduling.
A total of 36 articles discussing 21 Web-based appointment systems were selected for this review. Distributed real time database systems background and literature review of the practices have positive changes in some metrics after adopting Web-based scheduling, such as reduced no-show rate, decreased staff labor, decreased waiting time, and improved satisfaction, and so on. Cost, distributed real time database systems background and literature review, flexibility, safety, and integrity are major reasons discouraging providers from switching to Web-based scheduling.
Overall, the literature suggests a growing trend for the adoption of Web-based appointment systems. The findings of this review suggest that there are benefits to a variety of patient outcomes from Web-based scheduling interventions with the need for further studies. Traditionally, medical appointments have been made with schedulers over the telephone or in person.
These methods are based on verbal communications with real people distributed real time database systems background and literature review allow for maximum flexibility in complicated situations [ 1 ]. However, because these traditional methods require the intervention of schedulers, the ability to get a timely appointment is not only limited by the availability of appointment slots, but also by the schedulers and phone lines [ 23 ]. The Internet has recently emerged as another means to make appointments.
Web-based appointment scheduling has been a popular research topic. Several studies conducted satisfaction surveys and found that Web-based appointment scheduling is an extremely important feature, and most patients would use the service again [ 25 - 7 ].
There are two major types of Web-based medical appointment services, medical scheduling software as a service SaaS and proprietary Web-based scheduling systems. Medical scheduling SaaS has gained increasing prominence in recent years.
These appointment systems are not built up by health care practices themselves, but are provided and maintained by health IT companies such as ZocDoc and InQuicker on a paid subscription basis [ 8 ]. A patient portal is a secured Web-based service that allows patients to access their health information and communicate with their health care providers at any time [ 10 ].
In the United States, the growth of patient portals has largely been spurred by meaningful use MU requirements [ 11 ] because of the federal incentive program for adoption of electronic health records. To meet the requirements of MU and receive its incentives, the portal should be actively used by both the practice and patients [ 12 ]. There are two modes of Web-based appointment systems, asynchronous and real-time.
Although the asynchronous Web-based appointment systems also use the Internet as a medium, they basically replicate the process of telephone-based appointment scheduling [ 13 ]. Normally, Web-based appointment requests are put in the same queue as phone-call appointments, and are thus limited by the backlog of phone calls in the queue [ 14 ].
Despite the increasing adoption of Web-based appointment systems, their potential benefits are yet to be systematically studied. The purpose of this review was to examine the current body of literature about Web-based medical appointment systems, specifically in regard to their potential benefits to patients and providers. We also want to identify the most effective services or components of them and explore the benefits and barriers of implementation.
It is not the intention of this work distributed real time database systems background and literature review review the literature regarding fundamental theories of medical scheduling or system design, which have been studied and reviewed by Cayirli et al [ 15 ] and Gupta et al [ 16 ].
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first systematic literature review of the impacts of implementing Web-based medical scheduling systems. In this study, we present a systematic literature review of Web-based medical appointment systems following the PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement for systematic reviews [ 17 ]. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE using PubMed to identify pertinent articles relating to the impacts of Web-based appointment scheduling.
Figure 1 shows the logical relationships distributed real time database systems background and literature review the search keywords and their restrictions in the search builder of PubMed. The literature search was initially performed in April Since then, in order to make this literature review up-to-date by including new articleswe regularly conducted literature searches with the same search keywords.
Our last literature search was carried out in late February In this study, articles published only after January 1,were included, because articles published earlier than this time were unlikely to be relevant to Web-based appointments.
We only included articles mainly discussing general Web-based medical appointment services or a specific automated or Web-based tool that assisted patients in choosing a provider or making a medical appointment. The exclusion criteria were systems that solely discussed email- or phone-based appointment reminders and systems not designed for use by patients.
Articles not written in English were excluded too. The process of identifying eligible articles is shown in Figure 2. The initial query returned articles, which were then filtered by publication date and language. Also, 16 non-English articles were filtered out.
The remaining articles were reviewed based on titles and abstracts and of them were excluded due to low relevancy. The remaining 90 articles were then reviewed in full text, and 54 of them were excluded as they do not mainly discuss Web-based medical appointment services or a specific automatic or Web-based tool helping patients to choose a provider or make a medical appointment. The remaining 36 highly relevant articles discussing 21 Web-based medical scheduling systems were used in this literature review.
The studies are highly heterogeneous in research design. Six articles [ 935 - 39 ] discuss the necessity and the potential of computerized or Web-based appointment services. Three studies [ 81440 ] retrospectively analyzed Web-based appointment data and compared them with traditional appointments.
One study [ 42 ] used a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a Web-based health management system. Another study [ 43 ] reported a Web-based provider recommendation system and validated it with a field experiment.
These articles also vary in interventions and the granularity of information provided. Many studies were implemented in only a single clinic and had interventions that spanned from basic websites to detailed patient portals.
Details provided about the specific components of each system and functionality vary from study to study and many offer only a vague description. Many studies also used multiple interventions simultaneously, such as a Web-based scheduling system with automated reminders and patient decision tools and patient portals.
As a result, these studies cannot be directly compared. Multimedia Appendix 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 21 Web-based appointment systems discussed in the literature. Of these 21 Web-based scheduling systems, 1 is based in Australia, 1 in Canada, distributed real time database systems background and literature review, 1 in mainland China, 1 in Taiwan, 2 in the United Kingdom, and the remaining 15 in the United States.
Many articles specifically measured reductions in no-show rate and waiting time as metrics to evaluate Web-based scheduling services, distributed real time database systems background and literature review. Siddiqui et al [ 8 ] reported a no-show rate of 6. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Health requires the maximum waiting time for sexual health service appointments to be 48 h. Besides reductions in no-show rate and waiting time, many other improvements were also reported from the literature and they are summarized in Figure 3.
The horizontal axis indicates the number of mentions of Web-based scheduling systems for each impact after implementing the 21 Web-based scheduling systems. To limit the number of categories on the vertical axissome of the close metrics were merged into a broader category. Compared with traditional appointment methods, Web-based appointment scheduling has unique advantages and disadvantages.
In this section, the key benefits and barriers to the adoption of Web-based appointment scheduling will be discussed.
Patient-centeredness is one of the six quality aims proposed by the Institute of Medicine to improve health care quality in the United States [ 34 ]. Web-based medical scheduling as a medical self-service offers a more patient-centered means to make appointments [ 6 ]. Most Web-based appointment systems are interfaced with a calendar-like list.
Patients can browse and select the most convenient appointment time from the available time slots [ 21 ]. In contrast, patients are only given very limited options of available time slots in traditional appointment systems. Another convenience from improved patient access is that patients can fill out registration forms [ 26 ], get prescreened and review practice policies online [ 23 ] before they show up and this can smooth workflow and reduce misunderstandings.
Sometimes, patients might be uncomfortable or unable to vocalize certain symptoms eg, sexual health problems to the scheduler over the phone or in person, and they may make an untrue statement [ 213 ]. They tend to be more candid when they schedule online by themselves [ 1320 ]. No-show is a significant cause of wasted clinical resources [ 40 ]. The patient-centered design in Web-based appointments has the potential to decrease no-show rates [ 825 ]. The reasons for the reduction of no-shows after distributed real time database systems background and literature review Web-based scheduling have not been systematically studied in the literature, but it could be attributed to the improved access in Web-based scheduling that allows patients to easily verify, cancel, and reschedule their appointments [ 25 ].
A possible reason is that patients feel more responsible for their appointments when they make appointments by themselves [ 44 ].
Waiting is an indicator of service quality and a source of dissatisfaction that affects health care outcomes and patient retention [ 4546 ]. Long waiting time may make patients seek care from other providers and thus this can potentially cause a loss in revenue. The most cited benefit of real-time scheduling is after-hour access [ 1321 ], distributed real time database systems background and literature review.
Real-time scheduling requires minimal intervention of schedulers and thus can help reduce the waiting time caused by human factors. Distributed real time database systems background and literature review available time slots are transparent to patients through the Web interface.
Patients are free to claim available appointment slots anytime and anywhere [ 32037 ]. The support of same-day or soon appointments by some real-time systems can help further shorten the time between when the appointment is requested and when the medical service is fulfilled [ 3 ]. Although there is a concern that the ability to book in advance for chronic conditions might be diminished by same-day appointments due to the limited number of appointment slots [ 47 ], same-day appointments could produce positive outcomes as long as the provider can find a balance in his or her capacity.
For providers, it is possible to reuse the time slots distributed real time database systems background and literature review due to late cancellations. These allotted time slots will be otherwise wasted if traditional appointment methods are used because of the longer turnaround time [ 8 ]. It is well known that medicine has lagged in the adoption of new technologies.
Although Web-based appointment scheduling comes with many benefits, some providers and patients are reluctant to use it. Byonly about 3. There are many reasons for the slow adoption. First, the transition requires the practices to give up legacy systems they have relied on and change the fundamental workflow and administration already established [ 3132837 ].
A large investment would be required for the providers to move toward new centralized Web-based scheduling systems [ 28 ]. Second, real-time Web-based scheduling lacks flexibility in the medical setting because the automatic appointment systems are not intelligent enough to handle cases not predefined. Unlike the appointment scheduling in other industries such as airline ticket booking, which has strict rules, medical appointments are tailored based on the knowledge of physicians and patients, and thus can be rather flexible [ 1328 ].
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Apr 26, · Some real-time systems still rely on human reviewers to screen for possible emergencies. Very few real-time appointment systems reported in the literature can automatically identify emergency conditions. Finally, many providers have a fear of losing control of their appointment systems, as they think patients may abuse the systems [20,23,44 real-time requests, many queries are respon se-time critical. Thus, the data placement Thus, the data placement structure must be capable of retain ing high query processing speeds as th e amounts of Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 6th Edition Distributed Database Recovery Failures in a Distributed Environment Real-Time Data Warehouse Data Warehouse Architecture
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