The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is the update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality Each paper is composed from scratch to meet your assignment instructions. We then use a plagiarism-detection software to ensure that it is, actually, completely plagiarism free. We ensure that there is no way you could find your paper plagiarized
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The term originates from the Latin word pica "magpie"from the concept that magpies will eat almost anything. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition DSM-5 criteria, dissociative identity disorder term paper, for these actions to be considered pica, they must persist for more dissociative identity disorder term paper one month at an age when eating such objects is considered developmentally inappropriate, not part of culturally sanctioned practice, and sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention.
Pica may lead to intoxication in children, which can result in an impairment of both physical and mental development. Stressors such as emotional trauma, dissociative identity disorder term paper, maternal deprivation, family issues, parental neglect, pregnancy, and a disorganized family structure [ failed verification ] are strongly linked to pica as a form of comfort.
Pica is most commonly seen in pregnant women[6] small children, and people who may have developmental disabilities such as autism. A similar risk exists from eating soil near roads that existed before the phase-out of tetraethyllead or that were dissociative identity disorder term paper with oil to settle dust contaminated by toxic PCBs or dioxin.
In addition to poisoning, a much greater risk exists of gastrointestinal obstruction or tearing in the stomach. Another risk of eating soil is the ingestion of animal feces and accompanying parasites. Pica can also be found in animals such as dogs [8] and cats. Pica is the consumption of substances with no significant nutritional value such as soap, drywall, or paint. Subtypes are characterized by the substance eaten: [10]. This pattern of eating should last at least one month to meet the time diagnostic criterion of pica.
Complications may occur due to the substance consumed. For example, lead poisoning may result from the ingestion of paint or paint-soaked dissociative identity disorder term paper[19] hairballs may cause intestinal obstruction and Toxoplasma or Toxocara infections may follow ingestion of feces or soil.
According to the DSM-5, mineral deficiencies are occasionally associated with pica, but biological abnormalities are rarely found. Sensory, physiological, cultural, and psychosocial perspectives have also been used by some to explain the causation of pica.
However, pica can also be a cultural practice not associated with a deficiency or disorder. Ingestion of kaolin white clay among African-American women in the US state of Georgia shows the practice there to be a DSM-4 " culture-bound syndrome " dissociative identity disorder term paper "not selectively associated with other psychopathology".
No single test confirms pica, but because pica can occur in people who have lower than normal nutrient levels and poor nutrition malnutritionthe health care provider should test blood levels of iron and zinc. Hemoglobin can also be checked to test for anemia.
Lead levels should always be checked in children who may have eaten paint or objects covered in lead-paint dust. The healthcare provider should test for infection if the patient has been eating contaminated dissociative identity disorder term paper or animal waste.
The DSM-5 posits four criteria that must be met for a person to be diagnosed with pica: [21]. In individuals with autismschizophreniaand certain physical disorders such as Kleine-Levin syndromenon-nutritive substances may be eaten.
In such instances, pica should not be noted as an additional diagnosis. Treatment for pica may vary by patient and suspected cause e. An initial approach often involves screening for, and if necessary, treating any mineral deficiencies or other comorbid conditions, dissociative identity disorder term paper.
Looking back at the different causes of pica related to assessment, the clinician tries to dissociative identity disorder term paper a treatment.
First, there is pica as a result of social attention. A strategy might be used of ignoring the person's behavior or giving them the dissociative identity disorder term paper possible attention. Dissociative identity disorder term paper their pica is a result of obtaining a favorite item, a strategy may be used where the person is able to receive the item or activity without eating inedible items, dissociative identity disorder term paper. The individual's communication skills should increase so that they can relate what they want to another person without engaging in this behavior.
If pica is a way for a person to escape an activity or situation, dissociative identity disorder term paper, the reason why the person wants to escape the activity should be examined and the person should be moved to a new situation. If pica is motivated by sensory feedback, an alternative method of feeling that sensation should be provided.
Other nonmedication techniques might include other ways for oral stimulation such as gum. Foods such as popcorn have also been found helpful. These things can be placed in a "pica box" that should be easily accessible to the individual when they feel like engaging in pica.
Behavior-based treatment options can be useful for developmentally disabled and mentally ill individuals with pica.
Many use aversion therapy, where the patient learns through positive reinforcement which foods are good and which ones they should not eat. Often, treatment is similar to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive or addictive disorders such as exposure therapy.
In some cases, dissociative identity disorder term paper, treatment is as simple as addressing the fact they have this disorder and why they may have it. A recent study classified nine such classes of behavioral intervention: Success with treatment is generally high and generally fades with age, but it varies depending on the cause of the disorder.
Developmental causes tend to have a lower success rate. Treatment techniques include: [4]. Prevalence rates for children are unknown.
The condition currently known as pica was first described by Hippocrates. The term pica originates in the Latin word for magpiepīca[3] [38] a bird that is famed for its unusual eating behaviors, where it is known to eat almost anything. In the southern United States in the s, geophagia was a common practice among the slave population.
Kaolinite became the active ingredient in drugs such as Kaopectate and Pepto-Bismolalthough the formulations have since found additional active ingredients to replace kaolinite. Research on eating disorders from the 16th to the 20th centuries suggests that during that time in history, pica was regarded more as a symptom of other disorders rather than its own specific disorder.
Even today, what could be classified as pica behavior is a normative practice in some cultures as part of their beliefs, healing methods, or religious ceremonies. Unlike in humans, pica in dogs or cats may be a sign of immune-mediated hemolytic anemiaespecially when it involves eating substances such as tile groutconcrete dust, and sand.
Dogs exhibiting this form of pica should be tested for anemia with a complete blood count or at least hematocrit levels. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Compulsive eating of non-food items.
Medical condition. Acuphagia sharp objects [11] Amylophagia purified starch, as from corn [12] [13] Cautopyreiophagia burnt matches Coniophagia dust Coprophagia feces Emetophagia vomit Geomelophagia raw potatoes [12] [14] Geophagia earth, soil, clay, chalk Hyalophagia glass [15] Lithophagia stones [16] Metallophagia metal Mucophagia mucus Pagophagia ice Plumbophagia lead Trichophagia hair, wool, and other fibers Urophagia urine Hematophagia vampirism blood Xylophagia wood, or derivates such as paper [17].
Presentation of attention, food, or toys, not contingent on pica being attempted Differential reinforcement, with positive reinforcement if pica is not attempted and consequences if pica is attempted Discrimination training between edible and inedible items, with negative consequences if pica is attempted Visual screening, with eyes covered for a short time after pica is attempted Aversive presentation, contingent on pica being attempted: oral taste e.
Retrieved April 19, Handbook of preschool mental health : development, disorders, and treatment. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN Retrieved 3 June October 1, May Psychiatric Times. December Clinical Pediatrics. doi : PMID S2CID dissociative identity disorder term paper Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on March 14, Retrieved 20 July Applied Animal Behaviour Science.
Behavioural Problems of Small Animals. ISSN Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology, Child and Adolescent Disorders. Psychology Today. Retrieved A Dictionary of Psychology.
Oxford University Press. See Google books link. An unusual pica in iron-deficiency anemia". The American Journal of Medicine. Colman OUP Oxford. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. PMC Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM III. Cambridge: Univ. of Cambridge, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library, dissociative identity disorder term paper. American Psychiatric Association.
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Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
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We offer APA, MLA, or a Chicago style paper in almost 70 disciplines. Here, you can get quality custom essays, as well as a dissertation, a research paper, or term papers for sale. Any paper will be written on time for a cheap price Sep 01, · Abnormal hippocampal morphology in dissociative identity disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder correlates with childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms Human Brain Mapping, 36 (5) (), pp. - , /hbm According to the DSM-5, “dissociative disorders are characterized by a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior” (APA, a, p. ). Dissociative disorder diagnoses are closely associated with histories of severe
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